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socialism

Lenin’s Critics

Karl Marx (1818-83) and Friedrich Engels (1820-95) viewed the 1789 French Revolution as a symbol of the demise of feudalism and inauguration of a bourgeois society which eventually would be dislodged by the socialist revolution.

Socialism redux

The Chinese pivot to what is effectively a redistribution of wealth model albeit updated to factor in contemporary realities is breath-taking in its sweep; and it’s been made possible only because policy is unapologetically formulated and ruthlessly implemented from the top

Roller-Coaster Socialism~II

Subhas Chandra Bose sought to provide an authoritarian character to the state but his objective was to combine a people's state with a strong centralized state. He wanted to promote collective affiliation of workers' and peasants' organisations so that the state could act as the servant of the people. Like the Marxists of China and unlike the Soviet Marxists, Subhas sought to trace the roots of Indian socialism to the tradition and culture of India.

Roller-Coaster Socialism~I

In order to realize socialism, Lenin and Stalin sought to combine state initiative with popular initiative. Was it feasible? Could they evolve mechanisms to uphold the democratic character of the mass organizations? Repressive measures took the upper hand. Lenin and Stalin could not evolve a definite model of socialism. Lenin‘s position was fluctuating. It changed from time to time with changing circumstances.