China’s military diplomacy has made remarkable progress since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012 because of the arduous efforts of the country’s leadership, the use of innovative means and implementation of reforms. However, the challenges for China’s military diplomacy have increased due to the Cold War mentality of the United States and its allies, which has driven them to label China as a strategic competitor. First, the upgrading of military diplomacy and traditional statecraft in an effort to make them more proactive has helped China to establish military-to-military relations with other countries and reshape its security environment.

Second, through military diplomacy, the Chinese armed forces have increased interactions and exchanges, deepened cooperation, and held training and drills with their counterparts from other countries with the aim of building a community with a shared future for mankind. Third, China has expanded military-to-military communication, by extending exchanges and interactions from that between high-ranking military officers to junior officers and soldiers, consolidating the foundation of military diplomacy. Fourth, China has strived to strike a balance between safeguarding national security interests and cooperating with international military and security mechanisms, with increasing efforts to protect mutual interests and deepen mutual understanding and trust which have helped it deepen cooperation with other countries.

And fifth, China has not only maintained bilateral military ties but also established multilateral military ties, by creating military cooperation networks to boost regional security. The comprehensively improved military diplomatic practices have promoted China’s overall diplomacy and helped it to better safeguard national security, maintain world peace and strengthen international security cooperation. While the effectiveness of military diplomacy has improved, defense and security consultation mechanisms have been established and security dialogue platforms such as the Beijing Xiangshan Forum upgraded, military exchanges and joint training programs have increased from year to year, and military-to-military cooperation with other developing countries has deepened. Also, China has been participating in more and more diverse dialogues and cooperation mechanisms, as well as United Nations peacekeeping operations.

However, the “China threat” theory bandied about by the US-led West has been disrupting the progress of China’s military diplomacy. The West, the US in particular, claims China is modernizing its armed forces to expand its domination across the world and establish hegemony. Such unfounded allegations have had a severe impact on China’s efforts to promote mutual trust and win-win cooperation with other countries. And the lack of mutual trust has resulted in rising confrontations, fuelling the Cold War mentality of some Western politicians and media. The US-led West’s provocative moves against Beijing including interference in the Taiwan question, which is an internal matter of China, pose a serious threat to China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and heighten the fear of military conflict. Besides, the fact that China has to shoulder excessive international responsibilities is a burden on its military diplomacy.