India’s journey toward a sustainable energy future is undoubtedly commendable, with the Centre ambitiously targeting 500 gigawatts from renewable sources by 2030. However, as the nation embraces this transition, a nuanced perspective reveals a potential underbelly ~ one that could exacerbate existing inequalities among its states. The rich tapestry of India’s energy landscape is interwoven with both promise and challenge.

The sun-drenched and wind-blessed regions in the south and west are poised to harness renewable potential, propelling them into a future fuelled by clean energy. Yet, the stark contrast lies in the mineral-rich, economically struggling states in the east and central regions, tethered to coal as a lifeline. Consider Jharkhand, a state abundant in coal but grappling with poverty. Home to 28 per cent of India’s proven coal reserves, Jharkhand faces a precarious future as coal revenues dwindle. A mere 1.7 per cent of its 1050-gigawatt windand-solar potential is currently tapped, leaving the state at the crossroads of economic upheaval. The shift from coal-centric economies to renewable energy hubs in the south and west could lead to a reverse power vector, leaving states like Jharkhand grappling with fiscal deficits.

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The narrative of this energy transition is not just about reducing carbon footprints. It is a socio-economic conundrum that demands attention. While the overall goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 offers a cushion for adjustment, the onus is on the government to navigate this transition judiciously, ensuring that no state is left behind. Jharkhand’s proactive approach in establishing a task force for a “just transition” is a beacon of hope. Recognising the need to transform its coal-centric economy, the state is planning for a future where disused coalfields could become solar havens, and green industries like hydrogen might flourish. This forward-thinking strategy could serve as a blueprint for other states facing a similar predicament. However, the key lies not just in individual states devising plans but in fostering a collaborative, nationwide effort.

The economic interdependence of states in India is a crucial factor. As richer states contribute more to central government coffers, the potential impoverishment of coal-dependent states could shift the fiscal burden on to the prosperous south and west. It is imperative that Central government ministries take a more proactive role in mitigating the economic consequences of this transition. The success of India’s energy transition is not solely measured in gigawatts and carbon offsets but in its ability to uplift every corner of the nation. A just transition is not an option. It is a moral imperative.

The Centre must act as a catalyst for equitable development, ensuring that the benefits of renewable energy are distributed fairly among states, irrespective of their current economic standing. By fostering collaboration, embracing innovative solutions, and ensuring no state is left in the shadows, India can truly lead the way in sustainable development that uplifts all its people, from the sun-kissed shores of the south and west to the coal-laden landscapes of the east.