A new study has found that cancer cells can disrupt a metabolic pathway that breaks down fats and proteins to boost the levels of a byproduct called methylmalonic acid, thereby driving metastasis.

The study was published in the journal, ‘Nature Metabolism’. Scientists open a new lead for understanding how tumours metastasize or spread to other tissues and also hint at novel ways to block the spread of cancer by targeting the process.

The new results show that metastatic tumours suppress the activity of a key enzyme in propionate metabolism, the process by which cells digest certain fatty acids and protein components. Suppressing the enzyme increases the production of methylmalonic acid (MMA). That, in turn, causes the cells to become more aggressive and invasive.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and metastasis drives much of that mortality. Once a tumour begins to metastasize to different tissues and organs around the body, it can quickly become difficult or impossible to treat. However, researchers have made few inroads in understanding how a tumour cell acquires the ability to metastasize.

“A lot of work has been focused on primary tumour initiation and growth or examining the metastatic tumour, but to go from the primary tumour to the metastatic tumour, that transition has not been studied very extensively,” said co-senior author Dr John Blenis, the Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Professor in Cancer Research, professor of pharmacology and associate director of the basic science of the Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine.

To address that gap, Dr Blenis and his colleagues have worked for several years to characterize the metabolic changes that cells undergo during the metastatic transition. That effort previously revealed that as people age, their bodies produce more serum MMA (although the source remains unknown) and that higher MMA levels drive worse cancer outcomes. Healthy cells also produce MMA, though, so in the new study, Dr Blenis’s team probed the metabolite’s cancer-related activities more deeply.

“Cancer cells themselves can hijack the pathway that makes methylmalonic acid and this forms a feed-forward cycle that drives cancer progression towards more aggressive and more metastatic forms,” said co-first author Dr Vivien Low, a postdoctoral fellow in Dr Blenis’s lab.

The other co-first authors Dr Ana Gomes and Dr Didem Ilter were also postdoctoral fellows in the lab at the time of the study. Dr Gomes is now a faculty member and Dr Ilter is a research scientist at H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute.

The discovery adds to a growing body of work showing that specific products of metabolism, called oncometabolite, can drive many aspects of cancer progression and metastasis. While the new paper focused on various models of breast cancer, Dr Low said the team is now analyzing other types of cancer cells as well, where they expect to find similar mechanisms operating.

Scientists are also searching for ways to attack the process.

“Metastasis is responsible for about 80 to 90 per cent of cancer-related mortality, so if we can predict when someone has the potential to develop metastatic tumours, or treat those metastatic tumours that might have this pathway up-regulated, then we might have a very effective, novel therapy,” Dr Blenis said.