Researchers discovered that in a sample of low-income couples, children fared best when both parents had high expectations for their co-parenting relationship, and the poorest when they had low expectations.

In the study, published online recently in the journal Child Development, participants were asked about their co-parenting relationship with their partner — in other words, how they related to each other as parents. Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan, the study’s lead author and a psychology professor at The Ohio State University as well as the president of the board of the Council on Contemporary Families, noted that when couples perceived their co-parenting relationship as moderately good but mothers and fathers had different perspectives on one another as co-parents, the outcomes for the children varied.

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“The best outcome for children was when both parents saw their co-parenting relationship as positive. But children were almost as well-adjusted when the relationship quality was moderate and mothers were less positive about co-parenting relative to fathers,” Schoppe-Sullivan said.

Child outcomes suffered, though, when it was fathers who were less positive about co-parenting, the study revealed.
Previous studies have shown that parents with better co-parenting relationships are more effective as parents and their children are more well-adjusted — for example, they have fewer behaviour problems and better social relationships with others. But most of the previous research has been done in middle-class white families and relied solely on mothers’ perspectives on the co-parenting relationship.

The participants in this new study were 2,915 low-income couples in seven US states who took part in the Supporting Healthy Marriages program. All couples had a child under 5 years old.

Participants were asked about their co-parenting relationship with their partner — in other words, how they related to each other as parents.
“Co-parents with high-quality relationships provide emotional support to one another and back up each other’s parenting decisions,” Schoppe-Sullivan said.

Eighteen months after couples reported on their co-parenting relationship, they were asked to report on their child’s social competence and behavioural adjustment.

Based on the reports from mothers and fathers about their co-parenting relationship, the researchers identified four co-parenting groups. The largest — 43% of the sample — were the parents who both saw their co-parenting relationship as highly positive.

The next largest group (32%) were parents who both saw their relationship as moderately positive, but mothers were less positive about fathers’ co-parenting.
“Their children were nearly as well-adjusted as parents who were both positive about their co-parenting relationship,” Schoppe-Sullivan said.

The fact that these two groups made up the majority of the sample was a significant finding, Schoppe-Sullivan said.
“Low-income couples often face a variety of challenges that can make parenting more difficult than it is for middle-class couples, so it is encouraging that three-quarters of them had co-parenting relationships that led to good outcomes for their children,” she said.

The next largest group (16%) were those who reported a moderate-quality co-parenting relationship, but the fathers were less positive than the mothers. The fourth group (9%) consisted of couples who reported low-quality co-parenting relationships, with the mothers especially critical of the fathers.

These two groups had children who were less well-adjusted than kids in the other groups.
One question the study raises is why children are less well-adjusted when fathers are less positive than mothers about their co-parenting relationship.

The data from the study can’t answer that conclusively, Schoppe-Sullivan said. But the study did show that psychologically distressed dads were more likely to be in the “fathers less positive” group than in other groups.

Distressed dads may prompt mothers to push them away from parenting duties, which may lead fathers to develop further psychological problems and be less happy about their co-parenting role.

“That may lead to more conflict between the parents, more disagreement on parenting decisions, and less positive engagement between fathers and their children,” Schoppe-Sullivan said.

“All that may play a role in their children’s poorer adjustment.”
When mothers are less positive than fathers, that may indicate that mothers feel that fathers are not contributing enough to parenting, she said. Given that it is common for mothers to feel that way, it may not lead to as much conflict between the parents as when fathers are less positive, which may be why the children are relatively well-adjusted.

Overall, the results suggest that practitioners who work with parents may want to pay special attention when fathers are less positive than mothers about their co-parenting relationship, she said.

Co-authors on the study, all from Ohio State, are: Jingyi Yang, doctoral student in psychology; Junyeong Yang, doctoral student, and Minjung Kim, assistant professor, both in educational studies; and Yiran Zhang, doctoral student, and Susan Yoon, associate professor, both in social work.