Nipah Virus, often abbreviated as NiV, is a zoonotic virus that can cause severe illness in humans. It was first identified in Malaysia in 1999 during an outbreak among pig farmers and subsequently in Singapore. Nipah Virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus. RNA virus is known to cause Nipah virus infection, or Nipah Virus Disease (NiVD) in humans.

Transmission and Spread

Nipah Virus primarily spreads through direct contact with infected bats, pigs, or contaminated materials, like their urine or saliva

Human-to-human transmission is also possible through close contact with infected individuals, especially in healthcare settings

Consuming fruits contaminated by bat saliva or urine can also lead to infection

At-Risk Population

People in close contact with infected animals, especially those involved in the pig farming industry, are at higher risk

Healthcare workers caring for NiV-infected patients are also at risk due to potential nosocomial transmission

Communities living in regions with known NiV outbreaks face a higher risk

Precautions and Preventive Measures

Strict hygiene measures should be followed when handling animals, particularly pigs and bats

Avoid drinking raw date palm sap, which can be contaminated with the virus

Isolation and appropriate infection control measures in healthcare settings are crucial

Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for healthcare workers

Public health authorities conduct contact tracing and isolation of suspected cases during outbreaks

Seriousness of the Disease:

Nipah virus infection can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), leading to a high mortality rate

The seriousness of the disease depends on factors like the strain of the virus and the individual’s immune response

NiV outbreaks have led to fatalities in the past, making it a public health concern

Nipah virus is known for its relatively high virulence, meaning it has the potential to cause severe disease in infected individuals

Virulence

Nipah virus can cause a range of clinical presentations, from mild flu like symptoms to severe encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)

The case fatality rate (CFR) can vary depending on the outbreak strain and the level of medical care available, but it has been reported to be as high as 70 per cent in some outbreaks

Severe cases often lead to respiratory distress and neurological complications, making it a highly concerning pathogen

Contagiousness

Nipah virus is not as highly contagious as some other viruses like measles or the common cold
In view of being less contagious the risk of Nipah spreading rapidly is lesser. The risk typically decreases with distance

Public Health Measures

Stay informed about the situation by following updates from trusted health authorities like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Indian Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Pay attention to any travel advisories or restrictions issued by local health authorities

Personal Precautions

Encourage people in your community and healthcare colleagues to practice strict hygiene measures, especially if they have traveled to the affected area or have been in close contact with individuals who have

Emphasise the importance of avoiding direct contact with animals, particularly bats and pigs, which are known reservoirs of the Nipah virus

Healthcare Preparedness

Ensure that healthcare facilities in Bangalore are prepared to handle any potential cases, with proper isolation and infection control protocols in place

Advocate for healthcare workers to use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when dealing with suspected cases

(Dr. Pavan Yadav, Lead Consultant – Interventional Pulmonology & Lung Transplantation, Aster RV Hospital)