The history of economic thoughts begins with paying tributes to 4th century BCE Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, but the history of Indian economic thoughts goes back to the Vedas composed at least a millennium before their writings, a research by an IIM professor has stated.

The research paper published by Professor Satish Deodhar (Economics Area) of Indian Institute of Management (IIM)-Ahmedabad also says while the 4th century BCE Greek writings are considered to be the fount of modern economic thoughts that emerged in Europe in 18th century CE, there has been a general lack of awareness about the economic thinking that emanated from ancient Indian texts.

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The paper published recently refers to various ancient Indian texts and the economic thoughts expressed therein as it looks into the reasons why they have gone unnoticed.

The senior professor blames foreign invasions and the British rule for “scant attention” paid to the history of Indian economic thoughts.

The pre-classical economic thoughts that appeared in the Vedas dating a millennium prior to the Greek writings culminated in their comprehensive coverage in the treatise Arthashastra by Kautilya in the 4th century BCE, but have remained largely unnoticed, the research paper states.

Though the outwardly thoughts of Indian philosophy were translated and were available to the entire world after the British came, the economic thoughts somehow remain hidden, it says.

“The history of economic thoughts begins with salutations to Greek writings of Aristotle and Plato. The fourth century BCE Greek writings are considered to be the fount of modern economic thought that emerged in Europe starting 18th century CE,” the paper says.

The Indian ancient economic thought has its origins in the Vedic age, it adds.

“The history of Indian economic thoughts goes back to Vedas which were first composed at least three millennia ago. The expressions of early economic thoughts were grounded in the socio-cultural and material environment that existed then,” the paper says quoting texts from the Rig Veda and various other Indian scriptures.

Professor Deodhar says though disjoint and scattered in different texts, these thoughts were profound and did get collated and improvised over centuries.

“The treatise on political economy, Arthashastra, written by Kautaliya in fourth century BCE, came out of the crucible of the Vedic and other secular texts,” he says.

The paper gives minute details of economics principles laid down in the Arthashastra.

The continuity of thoughts, however, was lost probably after the Golden Age of the Gupta dynasty in the sixth century CE, and further escaped into oblivion from the times of external invasions and colonial rule,” it says.

Discovery of many of the ancient texts, their translations into English and their exposure, both to domestic and foreign researchers, began only in the early twentieth century, if further says.

“In fact, the Arthashastra was discovered only in the early part of the 20th century, in the possession of a pundit from Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu, a region that was left mostly unharmed by the Muslim conquests. It was transcribed and published in English in 1915 by Dr R Shamasastri of the Mysore Oriental Library, and, it took several more decades before it became known to rest of the world,” it says.

“However, the colonial preconceptions about backwardness’ of Indian society resulted in focus of academic research mainly on the otherworldly nature of the Indian tradition,” the paper says.

“The hangover continued after Independence, where economist such as R J Krishna, pejoratively referred to India’s slow GDP growth rate as the ‘Hindu Rate of Growth’.

“In fact, having copied the command-and-control model of the Soviet Union, the slow growth rate was the Socialist Rate of Growth.

“A corollary of these developments was that only scant attention was paid to the history of economic thought that emerged in the Indian subcontinent,” the paper says.

If the Sanskrit grammarian Panini came up with nomenclature for compound interest circa 700 BCE, it was Kautilya who understood the relation between interest rates and risk and uncertainty, it says.

“In contrast, the western world had looked down upon interest as usury until a millennium after Kautilya’s treatise,” it says.

The paper quotes numerous verses on economics from ancient Indian texts. It also quotes various verses on how poverty was considered as a bad state to be in.

The research paper further says that the original ‘varna’ system which degenerated into present caste system, was invented for division of labour.

Clearly, the division of people among four varnas – Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishaya, and Shudra i.e. knowledge seeker, warrior, tradesman, and artisan/cultivator – was based on guna-karma (aptitude driven vocation) and not birth, the research paper said quoting various verses from ancient texts.

“In contrast to varnas, the endogamous jati system prevalent in India was not ordained by the Indian sacred texts,” it says.

The intent of the paper is to present and give recognition to the economic thought that had emerged in ancient Indian literature, professor Deodhar said.

“While otherworldly features of Indian tradition may be unique, what I have presented is the literature that shows importance given to material conditions and the economic incentives,” he further said.

“Had this literature been accessible to the occidental thought during the middle ages and the mercantilist period, classical economics might have evolved much earlier, the study says in conclusion.