Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels today are higher than at any point in the past 800,000 years. As a result of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions, many countries have seen record extreme temperatures, more frequent wildfires, and destructive floods. This has resulted in devastating impacts on people and nature.

The ocean is experiencing increased temperatures, acidification, and oxygen depletion. Marine ecosystems have experienced significant, and increasing, disruption as the impacts of climate change, multiplied by other human impacts – notably industrial fishing – have applied huge pressure on life below water.

When coastal wetlands are damaged or degraded they capture less carbon and release significant amounts of greenhouse gases – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide that might have been stored for thousands of years.

Blue carbon ecosystems are some of the world’s most efficient absorbers of CO2 and long-term carbon sinks. The carbon sequestered by the world’s oceans and coastal wetlands is termed ‘blue carbon’.

These ecosystems are some of the world’s most efficient absorbers of CO2 and the largest long-term carbon sinks.

To date, research has focused on the blue carbon capacity of three coastal wetland habitats: mangroves, seagrasses, and tidal marshes. These habitats are currently the only marine habitats that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides guidance to countries for inclusion in their national greenhouse gas inventories.

Other emerging blue carbon components of interest include seaweed, especially kelp and Sargassum, phytoplankton, shellfish beds, seabed sediments, and marine vertebrates, like sharks, whales, and deepwater ‘mesopelagic’ fish. For want of detailed research, these are yet to be included in international climate policies or carbon financing mechanisms but are known to be important components of carbon sequestration to seabed sediments and the deep ocean.

Mangrove forests are highly productive and sequester more carbon per unit area than any other tropical ecosystem, land or sea.

Mangroves protect a global carbon stock of 2.6 – 10.4 billion tonnes, of which 80 per cent is stored in the soil.

Globally, mangroves sequester up to 34 million tonnes of carbon per annum, equivalent to one year’s CO2 emissions from 31 coal-fired power plants.

More than 30 per cent of the world’s mangroves have been destroyed since 1960 and losses continue at a rate of 0.11 per cent per year, releasing greenhouse gases that account for up to 10 per cent of deforestation emissions globally.

Healthy mangroves are important defences against storms and sea level rise and sustain coastal fisheries through their nursery function to fish and shellfish.

Mangroves are salt-tolerant forests that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes across over 118 countries. In 2012, global mangrove cover was estimated at 14.5 million hectares, nearly the same size as Bangladesh, most of which was in Asia (42 per cent).

In India, the Mundra port prepared a Comprehensive and Integrated plan for the preservation and conservation of mangroves and associated creeks in and around the port by engaging the services of the National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management (NCSCM) which is a reputed institute under the Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF&CC).

The present study collated data on the Indian blue carbon repository (mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes) from peer-reviewed literature on carbon stock assessment.

This meta-analysis indicated that the blue carbon ecosystems of India could have a collective carbon stock of 67.35 Tg C^ (mangroves, seagrass, and salt marsh accounting for 67 Tg C, 0.0630 Tg C, and 0.0049 Tg C, respectively). Several studies have ubiquitously measured the spatial extent of mangroves (4991 km2) and seagrasses (517 km2) in India; however, the salt marshes (290-1398 km2) have contradictions in estimates.

The green payments against the blue carbon ecosystems of India can be as high as?9.6 billion US $, whereas the social cost of carbon sequestered by these ecosystems can vary between 0.47 and 5.43 billion US $.

India’s Sundarbans National Park is among five sites that have the highest blue carbon stocks globally, according to a new assessment of greenhouse gas volumes emitted from and absorbed by forests in Unesco World Heritage sites.