Scientists still do not know why the timing of exercise produces different effects. To gain a better understanding, an international team of scientists recently carried out the most comprehensive study to date of exercise performed at different times of the day.

The findings were recently published in the journal ‘Cell Metabolism’. Their research has shown how different health-promoting signalling molecules are produced by the body in an organ-specific manner following exercise depending on the time of day. These signals have a broad impact on health, influencing sleep, memory, exercise performance and metabolic homeostasis.

“A better understanding of how exercise affects the body at different times of day might help us to maximise the benefits of exercise for people at risk of diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes,” said Professor Juleen R. Zierath from Karolinska Institutet and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (CBMR) at the University of Copenhagen.

Almost all cells regulate their biological processes over a 24-hour period, otherwise called a circadian rhythm. This means that the sensitivity of different tissues to the effects of exercise changes depending on the time of day. Earlier research has confirmed that exercise timing according to our circadian rhythm can optimize the health-promoting effects of exercise.

The team of international scientists wanted a more detailed understanding of this effect, so they carried out a range of experiments on mice that exercised either in the early morning or the late evening. Blood samples and different tissues, including brain, heart, muscle, liver and fat were collected and analysed by mass spectrometry.

This allowed the scientists to detect hundreds of different metabolites and hormone signalling molecules in each tissue, and to monitor how they were changed by exercising at different times of the day.

The result is an ‘Atlas of Exercise Metabolism’ – a comprehensive map of exercise-induced signalling molecules present in different tissues following exercise at different times of the day.

“As this is the first comprehensive study that summarises time and exercises dependent metabolism over multiple tissues, it is of great value to generate and refine systemic models for metabolism and organ crosstalk,” added Dominik Lutter, Head of Computational Discovery Research at the Helmholtz Diabetes Center in Munich, Germany.

New insights include a deeper understanding of how tissues communicate with each other, and how exercise can help to ‘realign’ faulty circadian rhythms in specific tissues – faulty circadian clocks have been linked to increased risks of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Finally, the study identified new exercise-induced signalling molecules in multiple tissues, which need further investigation to understand how they can individually or collectively influence health.

“Not only do we show how different tissues respond to exercise at different times of the day, we also propose how these responses are connected to induce an orchestrated adaptation that controls systemic energy homeostasis,” said Associate Professor Jonas Thue Treebak from CBMR at the University of Copenhagen, and co-first author of the publication.

The study has several limitations. The experiments were carried out in mice.

While mice share many common genetic, physiological and behavioural characteristics with humans, they also have important differences. For example, mice are nocturnal, and the type of exercise was also limited to treadmill running, which can produce different results compared to high-intensity exercise. Finally, the impact of sex, age and disease were not considered in the analysis.

“Despite the limitations, it’s an important study that helps to direct further research that can help us better understand how exercise, if timed correctly, can help to improve health,” said Assistant Professor Shogo Sato from the Department of Biology and the Center for Biological Clocks Research at Texas A&M University, and fellow co-first author.

Fellow co-first author Kenneth Dyar, head of Metabolic Physiology at the Helmholtz Diabetes Center, stressed the utility of the Atlas as a comprehensive resource for exercise biologists.

“While our resource provides important new perspectives about energy metabolites and known signalling molecules, this is just the tip of the iceberg. We show some examples of how our data can be mined to identify new tissue and time-specific signalling molecules,” he concluded.