A good monsoon that led to record sowing and production of pulses-especially tur dal (pigeon pea)-has almost halved their wholesale and retail prices in 2017, a year after dal prices skyrocketed to Rs.200 per kg in some cities at the end of 2015.
In many state-regulated agricultural markets of major tur-producing states such as Maharashtra and Karnataka, prices have fallen to Rs.4,000 per quintal in some markets, 20 per cent below the minimum support price (MSP) of Rs.5,050 per quintal (including a bonus of Rs.425) since December 2016.
A ban on exports, restrictions on stocking by private agencies in a bumper-crop year and absence of futures trading in agricultural commodities have been cited as key reasons for pulses to follow "the usual roller-coaster of high and low prices" in consecutive years, wrote Ashok Gulati, Infosys Chair professor for agriculture at the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, in The Indian Express.
After two consecutive drought years, a good monsoon prevailed in most parts of India in 2016, barring some districts of Punjab, Haryana, Kerala and Gujarat, among the major states.
The situation turned after a good monsoon, even as a perfect storm around tur dal-monsoon failures, insufficient MSP, poor yield per hectare of dal and growing public preference to opt for eggs and meat for proteins — would keep its price high for a long time.
Monsoon in 2016 turned out to be above normal in Maharashtra, productivity increased from about 360 kg/ha to 760 kg/ha and farmers planted dal on a record area, since the previous year, 2015, fetched them record prices at above Rs.100/kg.
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Gujarat are the major tur-producing states. Rural district markets connect with farmers directly and consumers indirectly, since they involve intermediaries. At large consumer markets in cities, such as Mumbai and Ahmedabad, pulses from district markets are sold to retailers and consumers.
The wholesale price in major district markets — Amravati, Gulbarga, Vadodara and Narsinghpur — in the four major tur-producing states surged in 2015 and saw an almost equal or worse decline in 2016.
Supply fell in 2015, reducing dal in the market, compared to 2014. Traders paid farmers more than Rs.100/kg for tur — a record- and middlemen and retailers increased the price to Rs.180/kg in grocery shops.
In 2016, the sowing area of tur in Maharashtra increased 25 per cent to 1.53 million hectare but production is estimated to have increased 160 per cent, from 444,000 tonne in 2015-16 to 1.17 million tonne in 2016-17.
So, in 2016-17, the market is awash in dal, and traders are buying it from farmers at prices below the MSP.
To reduce the impact of the supply glut on farmers, the central government increased the buffer stock — produce that government buys directly from the farmer as a safety measure for farmers as well as market availability — for pulses ten-fold, from 0.2 million tonne to two million tonne.
Although the buffer stock has been increased, government agencies are not ready to stockpile pulses because storage space is limited, as is evident in Parbhani district, Maharashtra.
"Farmers with tur have been waiting at the district procurement centre of Food Corporation of India for more than a week as the Centre is running out of space," a regional agricultural officer, who did not wish to be named, told IndiaSpend.
"They will get a better price (MSP) at the centre, but the tractor with tur costs them around Rs.800/day, which is effectively reducing the price from MSP to the market price of around Rs.4,000 per quintal," he said.
In Karnataka, water shortage has imperilled the summer and winter (kharif and rabi) crops. The state government has responded with a special state bonus of Rs.450 per quintal, taking the procurement price of tur to Rs.5,500 per quintal, the highest ever by any state.
Not just government support, but having a sound marketing policy is equally important, Gulati argued in his article, a view he expressed in August 2016 as well. "Farmers should take planting decisions based on likely future prices and not last year's market prices," his March 2017 column said.
If farmers knew from futures prices that they would be paid below the MSP this season, they could have opted for cotton, which saw a reduction in area sown.
Pulses exports were banned in 2006, when record exports of 0.5 million tonne in 2005 aggravated domestic shortfalls. The ban has not been lifted, with some exceptions. Exports are about one per cent of total domestic production, according to government data.
The pulses shortage in 2015-16 saw imports rise to 5.8 million tonne, or a third of the production. In the oversupply year of 2016-17, exports remained banned.
Even when farmers are getting less than Rs.4,000 per quintal in domestic markets, pulses are still being imported at a price above Rs.10,000 per quintal, Mallikarjun Kharge, leader of the Congress parliamentary party said in Lok Sabha.
A government committee headed by Chief Economic Adviser Arvind Subramanian recommended in September 2016 that the MSP for tur should be increased to Rs.6,000 per quintal in 2017 and Rs.7,000 per quintal in 2018.